文章目录

输入输出txt 特殊字符基本单位:list|tuple|dict|set|generator判断:if循环:for|while|break|continue|Iterable,iter,Iterator函数自定函数函数别名基本单位高阶函数:map|reduce|lambda|filter|sorted偏函数 方法编码解码传参切片:list|tuple|str 调试try except 类

输入输出

输入input

name = input('请输入姓名')

输出print

print('任何你想打印到窗口的内容') print('多串字符之间','可以用逗号连接','而逗号会转换为空格')

txt

f = open(r'Users/danzhao/test.txt','r') # 不存在则报错 f.read() f.close() with open(r'Users/danzhao/test.txt','r') as f: # 同上 f.read()

---

特殊字符

注释#

#井号就是注释的开始

转义符\

I\'m OK #单引号转义 \\ #斜杠的输入方式 \n #换行

禁止转义r

print(r'C:\Users\example.xlsx')

缩进即是语法

a = 100 if a >= 0: print('非负数') else: print('负数')

格式化%

print('-' % 3) # 传入一个整数 print('d' % 3) # 传入整数并零位补齐 print('%.2f' % 3.1415) # 传入一个2位小数 print('%s' % 'a') # 传入字符串(万能)

运算符

a = 1 + 1 # 加 a = 1 - 1 # 减 a = 1 * 1 # 乘 a = 1 / 1 # 除 a = 3 % 2 # 求余 a = 2 ** 2 # 次幂

赋值

a,b = c,d # 等价于 a = b c = d

私有化_

def _private_1(name): return 'hello,%s' % name def _private_2(name): return 'hi,%s' % name def greeting(name): if len(name) > 3: return _private_1(name) else: return _private_2(name) # 让private仅在内部使用的标记?(无法禁止外部调用)

私域化变量__score

class student: def __init__(self,score): self.__score = score

特殊变量__score__

__author__ = 'Dan'

---

基本单位:list|tuple|dict|set|generator

list alist = ['1',2,'teststr']

增

alist = [] # 定义变量为列表 alist = list(range(10)) # list类型转换 alist.appned('abc') # 在列表末尾追加元素 alist.insert(1,'xyz') # 在列表位置1插入元素,其他元素右移 列表推导式list comprehensions # 基本写法 blist = [x * x for x in range(100)] # 等价于 blist = [] for x in range(100): a = x * x blist.append(a) # 列表推导式加条件 clist = [x * x for x in range(100) if x % 2 == 0] # [...for...if...] # 等价于 clist = [] for x in range(100): if x % 2 == 0: a = x * x clist.append(a) # 列表推导式加完整条件 clist = [x if x % 2 == 0 else -x for x in range(100)] # [...if...else...for...] # 等价于 clist = [] for x in range(100): if x % 2 == 0: clist.append(x) else: clist.append(-x) # 列表推导式嵌套 dlist = [m + n for x in 'abc' for y in 'xyz'] # 笛卡尔积 # 等价于 dlist = [] for m in 'abc': for n in 'xyz': r = m + n dlist.append(r) # 字典 elist = ['%s=%s' % (k,v) for k,v in d.items()]

删

alist.pop() # 删除末位元素 alist.pop(1) # 删除原来位置在1的元素

查

len(alist) # 查看列表长度 alist[0] # 查看列表左起第1个元素 alist[1] # 查看列表左起第2个元素 alist[-1] # 查看列表右起第1个元素 alist[-2] # 查看列表右起第2个元素

改

alist[1] = 'what' # 用what替换原来位置1的元素 tuple atuple = ('123',2,'exstr')

增

atuple = () # 定义变量为元组(元组不可变) atuple = (1,) # 定义1个元素的元组(必须带逗号)

删:不能删 查:与List一样 改

atuple = ('1','2',['3','4']) atuple[1] = 'abc' # 用abc来替换原来位置1的元素.替换失败 atuple[2][0] = '5' # 将'3'替换为'5' dict 增 d = {} # 定义变量为字典 d = {'mj':95,'bob':79,'jack':100} # 字典是一种key-value成对出现的类型 d['rose'] = 61 # 不存在则新增,存在则更改

删

d.pop('rose') # 根据key值删除key-value键对

查

d['mj'] # 按照key值查找 d['jason'] # 不存在的key值会报错 'jason' in d # jason是否存在于字典d的key值中 d.get('jason') # 如果不存在会返回None(不返回结果,表示啥都没有) d.get('jason','no') # 不存在返回指定字符:no

改

d['mj']=59 set 增 s = set([1,2,3]) # set继承了字典key的特性(不重复) s = set([1,2,2,3]) # 与上等价 s.add(4) # 增加值(无序)

删

s.remove(4) # 删除值

查 改 运算

s1 = ([1,2,3]) s2 = ([2,3,4]) s1 & s2 # 取交集 s1 | s2 # 取并集 generator 生成器:生成元素然后一个个释放(一边循环一遍计算) 增 g = (x * x for x in range(10)) # 与列表推导式仅仅是中括号变成了小括号的区别 g = iter([1,2,3,4]) # 类似列表内嵌套元组

删 查

next(g) # 不断重复执行该语句到报错为止 for n in g: print(n) # 用循环取数 def fib(max): n,a,b = 0,0,1 while n < max: yield b # 在函数中 用yield返回generator a,b = b,a+b n += 1 return 'Done' # return即为结束generarot

改

---

判断:if

age = 18 if age > 18: print('成年了') elif age > 14: print('法定') else: print('未成年')

---

循环:for|while|break|continue|Iterable,iter,Iterator

for names = ['Jack','Rose','Little'] for name in names: print(name) list,tuple,字符循环 for a in alist: print(a) for a in atuple: print(a) for a in astr: print(a) alstp = [(1,2),(2,4),(3,9)] # 嵌套循环 for a,b in alstp: print(a,b) dict循环 d = {'a':1,'b':2} key循环 for k in d: print(k) value循环 for v in d.values(): print(v) key-value循环 for k,b in d.items(): print('key:%s' % k) print('value:%s' % v) for k in d: print('key:%s' % k) print('value:%s' % d[k]) 下标循环 下标和内容一起循环 alist = ['jack','rose','green'] for index,value in alist: print(index,value) for i in range(len(alist)): print(i,alist[i]) while sum = 0 n = 99 while n > 0: sum += n n -= 2 print(sum) break 中断循环 names = ['Jack','Rose','Little'] for name in names: if name = 'Rose': break else: print(name) x = 0 while x < 99: if x > 50: break else: x += 1 continue 跳过此次循环,进入下一次循环 n = 0 while n < 10: n += 1 if n % 2 == 0: continue # 如果满足条件则直接跳到下一个循环,不执行后面的语句 print(n) Iterable,iter,IteratorIterrable : 可循环的 from collectioins.abc import Iterable isinstance([],Iterable) # list是可循环的 isinstance((1,),Iterable) # tuple是可循环的 isinstance({},Iterable) # dict是可循环的 isinstance('abc',Iterable) # str是可循环的 isinstance((x for x in range(10)),Iterable) # generator是可循环的 isinstance(100,Iterable) # num是不可循环的 Iterator : 迭代器 可以被next()函数调用的 from collections.abc import Iterator isinstance([],Iterator) # list不属于迭代器 isinstance((1,),Iterator) # tuple不属于迭代器 isinstance({},Iterator) # dict不属于爹地阿奇 isinstance('abc',Iterator) # str不属于迭代器 isinstance((x for x in range(10)),Iterator) # generator属于迭代器 isinstance(123,Interator) # num不属于迭代器 iter : 迭代器化 这是一个函数,用来将循环对象变成迭代器 isinstance(iter([]),Iterator) # list迭代器化 isinstance(iter((1,),Iterator) # tuple迭代器化 isinstance(iter({}),Iterator) # dict迭代器化 isinstance(iter('abc',Iterator) # str迭代器化 isinstance((x for x in range(10)),Iterator) # 本来就是迭代器 isinstance(iter(123),Iterator) # num无法迭代器化(不可循环)

---

函数

自定函数

def my_abs(x): if x >= 0: return x else: return -x # 到return就会结束 # 如果没有return会返回None,可以写为return None或return(不接其他) # 什么也不返回可以写pass来占位 # 可以将这个函数保存在abstest.py文件,在其他地方调用.可以认为是自建模块 from abstest import my_abs import math def move(x,y,step,angle=0): nx = x + step * math.cos(angle) ny = y - step * math.sin(angle) return nx,ny # 可以返回多个值(返回的是tuple) x,y = move(100,100,60,math.pi/6) # 将两个值分别赋值给x,y z = move(100,100,60,math.pk/6) # 返回一个tuple 函数参数位置参数 def power(x): return x * x 默认参数 必须参数在前,默认参数在后默认参数必须指向不变对象(最好不是list) def power(x,n=2): s = 1 while n > 0: n = n - 1 s = s * x return s 可变参数 星号* 参数会被组装成一个tuple,参数数量可以为0 def calc(*numbers): sum = 0 for i in numbers: sum = sum + n * n return sum calc(1,2,3,4) num = [1,2,3] calc(*num) # 将list或tuple传入参数的时候加一个星号* 关键字参数 双星号** 可选参数,这部分的输入会被打包成字典 def person(name,age,**kw): print('name':name,'age':age,'other':kw) person('jack',18) # 传入必选参数 person('jack',18,city='beijing') # 传入1个关键字参数 person('jack',18,city='beijing',job='bi') # 传入2个关键字参数 extra = {'city':'beijing','jon':'bi'} person('jack',18,**extra) # 将字典传入关键字参数加两个星号** 命名关键字参数 星号*,但是是作为分隔符,*后面的参数必须写参数名,也必须传入 def person(name,age,*,city,job): print(name,age,city,job) person('jack',18,city='beijing',job='bi') # 正确的示范 def person(name,age,*,city='beijing',job): # 可以使用默认参数 print(name,age,city,job) person('jack',18,job='bi') # city参数有默认值 参数优先级 必选参数>默认参数>可变参数>命名关键字参数>关键字参数 def f1(a,b,c=0,*args,**kw): print('必选参数':a,'必选参数':b,'默认参数':c,'可变参数':args,'关键字参数':kw) f1(1,2) # 只有必选参数 f1(1,2,3) # 加默认参数 f1(1,2,3,'a','b') # 加可选参数 f1(1,2,3,'a','b',x=99) # 加关键字参数 args=(1,2,3,4) kw = {'d':99,'x':'#'} f1(*args,**kw) # 奇妙的用法,会自动对应abc args kw # Σ(⊙▽⊙"a def f2(a,b,c=0,*,d,**kw): print(a,b,c,d,kw) f2(1,2,d=99,kw={'ext':None}) args=(1,2,3) kw = ('d':88,'x':'#'} f2(*args,**kw) # 会自动对应 Σ(⊙▽⊙"a

函数别名

b = abs(-20) a = abs # 将abs函数用a替代 c = a(-20)

---

基本单位

range 一般用来循环 for x in range(5): sum += x 用来生成List alist = list(range(5)) 数据类型转换 int('123') # 转换为整数 float('12.34') # 转换为小数 str(1.23) # 转换为文本 bool # 转换为布尔 类型判断 isinstance(x,(int,float)) # x是否是int,float其中之一 from collections import Iterable isinstance(x,Iterable) # x是否可以循环 type(x) # 直接查看x是什么类型(class) if type(x) == int or type(x) == float: # 等价于isinstance(x,(int,float)) print('y') 编码解码 ord('A') # 字符转数字 chr(65) # 数字转字符 len('abc') # 查看字符串长度

高阶函数:map|reduce|lambda|filter|sorted

函数嵌套

map 逐个遍历 def f(x): return x * x r = map(f,[1,2,3,4,5,6]) # 将列表中的每个数都使用函数f,即二次方 >>> [1,4,9,16,25,36] reduce 累计遍历 from functolls import reduce def f(x): return x * x r = reduce(f,[1,2,3,4,5,6]) # 1 * 2 * 3 * 4 * 5 * 6 >>> lambda 匿名函数,或者理解为不需要写函数名不需要写return的函数,快速函数等等 r = map(lambda x:x*x ,[1,2,3,4,5,6] # 同上map from functools import reduce r = reduce(lambda x:x*x,[1,2,3,4,5,6]) # 同上reduce filter 过滤掉对象中不符合的,剩下符合的 def f(x): return x % 2 == 1 list(filter(f,[1,2,3,4]) >>> [1,3] sorted 排序函数 sorted([1,-2,3,-4]) # 默认升序 >>> [-4,-2,1,3] sorted([1,-2,3,-4],reverse=True) # 反序,降序 >>> [3,1,-2,-4] sorted([1,-2,3,-4],keys=abs) # 传入函数指定顺序 >>> [1,-2,3,-4]

偏函数

快速修改函数的默认参数

def int2(x,base=2): #原int的base参数默认为10,即int(x,base=10) return int(x,base) import functools int2 = functools.partial(int,base=2) # 与上等价

---

方法

编码解码

'abc'.encode('ascii') # 编码 b'abc'.decode('ascii') # 解码

传参

'这是一串{0},它写于凌晨{1}点'.format('测试文字',2)

切片:list|tuple|str

list 从一个单位中提取部分 alist = ['jack','rose','green'] alist[0:2] # 会取到前两个元素,也就是alist[0],alist[1] alist[:2] # 缩略写法,结果同上 alist[-2:-1] # 取倒数第二元素,也就是alist[-2] alist[-2] # 结果同上 alist[-2:] # 取倒数两元素,也就是alist[-2],alist[-1] alist = list(range(100)) # 生成list:[0,1,2,..,99] alist[0] # 取左1 alist[-1] # 取右1 alist[:10] # 取前10,也就是alist[0]...alist[9] alist[0:10] # 同上 alist[-10:] # 取后10,也就是alist[-10]...alist[-1] alist[-10:-1] # 取后10中的前9,不含alist[-1] alist[10:20] # 取前11-20,也就是alist[10]...alist[19] alist[:10:2] # 跳着取前10,步长为2,也就是alist[0],aslit[2]...alist[8] alist[0:10:2] # 同上 alist[:] # 取所有数 alist[:5] # 取前5 alist[::5] # 跳着取所有数,步长为5,也就是alist[0],alist[5]...alist[95] tuple t = (0,1,2,3,4,5) t[:3] # 取前3 str s = 'abcdefg' s[:3] # 取abc s[::2] # 取aceg

---

调试

try except

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---

类

创建类

class student: # 创建类 pass class mid_student(student): # 基于student类创建子类 pass jack = student() # 使用类

创建类属性

class student: def __init__(self,name,score): # __init__是必须的,使用类的第一步 self.name = name # 将参数传入到类'变量' self.score = score # self必须 jack = student('Jack','99') # 使用类 jack.name # 使用类的属性

创建类方法

class student: def __init__(self,name,score): self.name = name self.score = score def print_score(self): print('%s:%s' % (self.name,self.score)) # 调用__init__里面的变量 jack = student('Jack','99') jack.print_score() # 使用类的方法,要带括号

私有化变量

class student: def __init__(self,name,score): self.__name = name # 加下划线私有化 self.__score = score # 私有化可以防止外部调用引起混乱 def print_score(self): print('%s:%s' % (self.__name,self.__score))

子类:类的类

class animal: def run(): print('Animal is running') class dog(animal): def eat(): print('Dog eats meat') d = dog() d.run() # 继承的类自动携带父类原有的方法 class cat(animal): def run(): print('cat is running') c = cat() c.run() # 子类的同名方法会覆盖父类的方法 class mammal(animal): pass class flyable(animal): pass class bird(mammal,flyable): pass # 可以有多个爸爸 并同时拥有他们的财产